2. Psittacula krameri manillensis (Bechstein 1800)
Indian Ring-necked Parakeet
Description: As krameri, but generally much darker; face stronger green; blue tinge to nape extends in many birds to back of head; breast and abdomen feathers tinged bluish-grey; upper mandible red, lower mandible black; larger.
Length: 42 cm, wing length 153 - 180 mm, tail length 174 - 235 mm.
Distribution: India South of latitude 20°N; Ceylon and island of Rameswaram; Introduced populations worldwide.
The Psittacula parakeets are intelligent birds that are native to Asia and Africa. They are known as old world parakeets, and include the Alexandrine parakeet, the African ring-necked parakeet, the Indian ring-necked parakeet and the smaller plum-headed parakeet. They are primarily green with long tails and dark ring that appears around their necks.
The Psittacula parakeets are good, hardy birds that do well with proper care. They are independent birds that may not like being petted. .
Psittacula Types or Species :
1- African Ring-Necked Parakeet :
African Ring-Necked Parakeet Stats :
Scientific Name: Psittacula krameri krameri
Size: Small, up to 9 inches
Native Region: Africa
Life Expectancy: up to 50 years
Noise Level: Low
Talk/Trick Ability: Moderate; can learn to talk if taught young and likes to learn new tricks
African Ring-Necked Parakeet Species Profile :
Traits: African ring-necked parakeets are affectionate birds that needs enough attention to keep it from getting bored, but enough independence to spend time alone on a playgym. African ring-necked parakeets are shy and quieter than Indian ring-necked parakeets. They need to be handled and socialized often when young in order to keep them tame. African ring-necked parakeets enjoy bathing with their owners while staying on a shower perch to catch drops of water. They make good companions that can be taught to snuggle and perform elaborate tricks.
Behavior/Health Concerns: African ring-necked parakeets enjoy a diet filled with fresh fruits, vegetables, pellets, parrot seed mixtures, cuttlebone and fresh water. Both the male and female are primarily light green with a greenish-yellow hue on the under parts. The male has a black stripe across the mandible that circles the neck and extends to its rose pink collar washed with a light blue. Male African ring-necked parakeets also have a light blue and thin black line across the beak and to the eyes. Females lack the rose pink collar, blue on the neck and the thin black mandible stripe. Instead of a black ring, found on the males, the females have a light green collar and only a hint of the black line leading to the eyes.
Psittacula krameri types and species :
Psittacula krameri [Scopoli 1769]
Ring-necked Parakeet
1. Psittacula krameri krameri (Scopoli 1769):
- African Ring-necked Parakeet
Description: Generally green, face, abdomen and under wing-coverts yellowish-green; nape and back of head variably washed with blue; chin, broad cheek-stripe and narrow line from cere to eye black; narrow band to nape pink; upperside of middle tail-feathers blue with greenish-yellow tips, outer feathers green; underside of outer tail-feathers olive-yellowish, middle feathers blackish; bill blackish-red with black tips; iris yellowish-white; feet greenish-grey.
Hen without black stripe to cheek and pink band to nape; nape variably washed with blue; middle tail-feathers on average shorter.
Immatures as hen, but bill pale pink; iris grey-white; adult plumage starts to appear at 18 months, completed by 32 months.
Length: 40 cm, wing length 142 - 157 mm, tail length 177 - 278 mm.
Distribution: West Africa in Guinea, Senegal and Southern Mauretania East to Western Uganda and Southern Sudan.
1.Psittacula k. krameri Cock
Photo: Z. Rana
2.Psittacula k. manillensis Cock
Photo: Z. Rana
3. Psittacula krameri parvirostris (Souancé 1856)
Abyssinian Ring-necked Parakeet
Description: As krameri, but face pale green; breast and abdomen feathers in both sexes with marked grey-white tinge; smaller upper mandible red with black tip.
Length: 40 cm, wing length 146 - 160 mm, tail length 184 - 246 mm.
Distribution: NorthWest Somalia West across Northern Ethiopia to Sennar district, Sudan.
4. Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann 1915)
Neumann's Ring-necked Parakeet
Description: As krameri, but blue restricted to narrow band to nape; breast and abdomen feathers in both sexes tinged with pale grey; larger upper and lower mandible red; lower mandible marked with black in many birds; larger.
Length: 43 cm, wing length 170 - 178 mm, tail length 211 - 253 mm.
Distribution: West Pakistan, Northern India and Nepal to Central Burma; Introduced populations worldwide in localities.
3.Psittacula k. parvirostris Cock
Photo: Z. Rana
4.Psittacula k. borealis Cock
Photo: H. Mayer
Mutations:
- Darkgreen :
Inheritance: Incomplete dominant.
Description
Body: General darkgreen; manifestation of Single Darkfactor in Green.
Tail: Dark bluegreen with yellowish tip.
Head: Darkgreen, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with darkrose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: Darkgreen has a single darkfactor; Olive has a double darkfactor. A Green bird with Violet is sometimes called Darkgreen, which is actually wrong. Darkgreen differs from a Violet Green in the amount of blue seen on the wings and tail.
Psittacula k. krameri
Psittacula k. manillesnsis
Psittacula k. parvirostris
Psittacula k. borealis
Habitat: All types of open country with trees, thorn bush savannah, dry forest and open secondary forest; regularly found in cultivated areas; urban areas, parks and gardens; also occasionally seen in public open spaces in cities; forages in fruit and coffee plantations.
Status: Common to very common in localities; however rare or only seasonally seen in some parts of distribution area.
Behaviour: Mostly observed in small groups; gathers on feeding or roosting trees in larger flocks, occasionally more than one thousand birds; noisy and conspicuous; not shy; prefers to stay in one area only moving around in that area when foraging; flight swift and direct with rapid wing-beats;
Call: Call loud screeching, particularly during flight and on roosting trees.
Natural diet: Seeds, fruits, berries, flowers and nectar (especially from Salmalia and Erythrina flowers); after breeding season Ring-necked Parakeets in some areas of India gather in huge flocks and forage in grain, millet, rice and maize fields as well as fruit and coffee plantations often causing considerable damage.
Nesting: Breeding season varies; from December to May in India, November to June on Ceylon, August to November in Africa; during courtship soft twittering sounds heard; hen moves head in semi-circle, dilates pupils and spreads her wings; cock lifts one foot and feeds hen; copulation ensues; nest holes in tall trees; often in wall crevices or under eaves in India; occasionally in dead palms and softwoods with old woodpecker or barbet nest holes; nest lined with decayed wood; both partners brood, however hen longer than cock; clutch 2 to 6 eggs; incubation 21 to 24 days; fledging period 6 to 7 weeks; egg measures 30.7 x 23.8 mm.
Aviculture: Medioum noisy to noisy parakeet; hard chewer; provide regular supply of fresh branches; hardy and not susceptible when acclimatised; soon becomes confiding; enjoys bathing or being sprayed; colony in spacious aviary possible; can also be kept at liberty.
Accommodation: Outside flight min. 2.5 x 1 x 2 m with adjoining shelter; minimum temperature 5°C; at least 1.5 sq. meters floor space per pair in communal flight; metal construction; roosting box 24 x 24 x 35 cm; line bottom with decayed wood.
Diet: Seed mix of safflower, buckwheat, various millets, canary grass seed, oats, wheat and hemp; millet spray (also sprouted); sunflower in small quantities and sprouted; plenty of fruit (apple, banana, figs, grapes, rowan and elderberry); greenfood (dandelion, flowers, chickweed) and vegetables (rose hips, half-ripened maize; carrot, sweet pepper, cucumber); eggfood, softened bread and biscuit for rearing.
Clutch: 3 - 6 eggs.
Incubation: 23 days.
Mutations: Too many combinations have been achieved from about 20 primary mutations; Lutino, Blue, Albino, Greygreen, Grey, Cinnamon, Turquoise, Dilute, some Fallow types, Clear-tail, Violet, Darkgreen, Cobalt, Pied, and many many more; Approximately 200 to 300 different combinations can be achieved with the existing mutations; Indian Ringnecked parakeets one of the few Cage and Avairy Birds which have such a large number of combinations of mutations.
Psittacula k. krameri Hen and Cock
Photo: Z. Rana
P. k. manillensis: Albino, Grey, Green, Turquoise Blue, Blue, Lutino, Greygreen
Photo: Z. Rana
P. k. manillensis Cock and P. k. krameri Cock
Photo: Z. Rana
All Morphs :
Psittacula krameri [Scopoli 1769]
Ring-necked Parakeet
Psittacula k. manillensis (Bechstein 1800)
Indian Ring-necked Parakeet
Green
Wild-type
Description
Body: General green; greyish tinge on breast.
Tail: Bluegreen with yellowish tip.
Head: Green, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
- Greygreen :
Inheritance: Complete dominant.
Description
Body: General greygreen; manifestation of Grey in the Green-series.
Tail: Dark grey with yellowish tip.
Head: Greygreen, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: Sometimes greygreen is erroneously referred to as olive. Olive is actually used for double darkfactored birds in the green-series.
- Rec. Lutino :
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.
Description
Body: General yellow.
Tail: Yellow.
Head: Yellow, brighter around the beak; neck ring white with rose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.
Note: Rec. Lutino is rare. Also known as Non Sex-linked Lutino.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
- Olive :
Inheritance: Incomplete dominant.
Description
Body: General olive; manifestation of Double Darkfactor in Green.
Tail: Dark bluegreen with yellowish tip.
Head: Olive, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with darkrose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: Darkgreen has a single darkfactor; Olive has a double darkfactor. The tail and flight feathers are olive with dark blue tinge which differs from the Greygreen. Greygreens have dark grey, almost black, tail and flight feathers.
- Turquoise Cobalt (Combination of Turquoise and Single Darkfactor)
Inheritance: Combination of Turquoise and the incomplete dominant Single Darkfactor; Turquoise is Dominant in Blue-series.
Description
Body: General turquoise with darkblue (cobalt); wings with green tinge; manifestation of Single Darkfactor in Turquoise.
Tail: Darkblue (cobalt) with whitish tip.
Head: Darkblue (cobalt) with turquoise, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
- Blue :
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.
Description
Body: General blue; greyish tinge on breast.
Tail: Blue with whitish tip.
Head: Blue, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
- Cobalt (Combination of Blue and Single Darkfactor)
Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and the incomplete dominant Single Darkfactor.
Description
Body: General darkblue (cobalt) appearance; manifestation of Single Darkfactor in Blue.
Tail: Darkblue (cobalt) with whitish tip.
Head: Darkblue (cobalt), brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: Cobalt has also been called European Cobalt. Cobalt has a single darkfactor; Mauve has a double darkfactor.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
- Mauve (Combination of Blue and Double Darkfactor)
Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and the incomplete dominant Double Darkfactor.
Description
Body: General greyish blue (mauve) appearance; manifestation of Double Darkfactor in Blue.
Tail: Greyish blue (mauve) with whitish tip.
Head: Greyish blue (mauve), brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: Cobalt has a single darkfactor; Mauve has a double darkfactor. The tail and flight feathers are mauve with dark blue tinge which differs from the Grey. Greys have dark grey, almost black, tail and flight feathers.
- Grey :
Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and dominant Grey. Dominant in Blue-series.
Description
Body: General grey; manifestation as Grey only in the Blue series.
Tail: Dark grey with whitish tip.
Head: Grey, brighter around the beak; neck ring black and white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
- Violet Green :
Inheritance: Incomplete dominant.
Description
Body: General darkgreen with violet tinge on wings and tail; manifestation of Single Violet factor in Green.
Tail: Violet green with yellowish tip.
Head: Darkgreen with violet tinge, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with darkrose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: Sometimes referred to as Darkgreen which is wrong. Violet Green is the basic manifestation of SF Violet. Violet combined with Blue will result in visual Violets (Violet Blue).
- Violet Turquoise (Combination of Turquoise and Single Violet factor) :
Inheritance: Combination of Turquoise and the incomplete dominant Single Violet factor.
Description
Body: General darkblue with violet, nearly purple; manifestation of Single Violet factor in Blue.
Tail: Dark blue with violet nearly purple with whitish tip.
Head: Dark blue with violet nearly purple, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
- Violet Blue (Combination of Blue and Single Violet factor) :
Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and the incomplete dominant Single Violet factor.
Description
Body: General darkblue with violet, nearly purple; manifestation of Single Violet factor in Blue.
Tail: Dark blue with violet nearly purple with whitish tip.
Head: Dark blue with violet nearly purple, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: Violet blue is erroneously known as American Cobalt. Violet Blue in combination with Cobalt will result in a deeper Violet color which will be a jewel for the eye.
- Violet (Combination of Blue and Double Violet factor) :
Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and the incomplete dominant Double Violet factor.
Description
Body: General violet blue, nearly purple; manifestation of Double Violet factor in Blue.
Tail: Violet blue nearly purple with whitish tip.
Head: Violet blue nearly purple, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: It is noteworthy that the first Double Factor Violet was bred by Mr. K. Benton from the USA.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of DF Violet. >>
- SL Lutino :
Inheritance: Sex-linked recessive.
Description
Body: General yellow.
Tail: Yellow.
Head: Yellow, brighter around the beak; neck ring white with rose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.
Note: Lutino is also erroneously known as "Yellow". There is no difference in the two types of Lutino except the inheritence.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
- Aqua-ino (Combination of Aqua and Ino) :
Inheritance: Combination of Aqua and sex-linked recessive Ino; Aqua is Dominant in Blue-series.
Description
Body: General pale yellow.
Tail: Pale yellow.
Head: White neck ring with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.
- Cinnamon :
Inheritance: Sex-linked recessive.
Description
Body: General lighter; washed with brownish tinge.
Tail: Lighter with brownish tinge and lighter tip.
Head: Body color, brighter around the beak; neck ring darkbrown with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, brownish lower mandible; pinkish feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Darkred with yellowish iris.
Note: Cinnamon is (very) often erroneously referred to as "Isabel". Cinnamon Grey is also known as "Silver".
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Cinnamon. >>
- Turquoise-ino (Combination of Turquoise and Ino) :
Inheritance: Combination of Turquoise and sex-linked recessive Ino; Turquoise is Dominant in Blue-series.
Description
Body: General white with pale yellow.
Tail: White.
Head: White neck ring sometimes visible with rose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.
- Albino (Combination of Blue and Ino) :
Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and sex-linked recessive Ino.
Description
Body: General white.
Tail: White.
Head: White neck ring not visible, cocks often show a brownish stripe which occurres throughout the plumage.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.
- Dom. Edged
Inheritance: Incomplete dominant. :
Description
Body: General duller appearance; greyish tinge on breast; edged pattern on the wing feathers.
Tail: Duller with edged dilution and lighter tip.
Head: Bodycolor, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: "Fallow" is an erroneous name for edged. Fallows inherit always recessive and have red eyes.
Inheritance seems to be co-dominant, but has been proven sex-linked dominant. Hens are always Single Factor and Cocks can be Single Factor and Double Factor. A Double Factor Cock has the feno-type of a Single Factor Hen.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Dom. Edged. >>
- Rec. Edged :
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.
Description
Body: General duller appearance; greyish tinge on breast; edged markings on the wings.
Tail: Duller with lighter tip.
Head: Bodycolor, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: Often called Opaline which is wrong.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Rec.Edged. >>
- "Grizzle" :
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.
Description
Body: General like wild-type; 'grizzle' markings on the wings, breast and abdomen.
Tail: 'Grizzle' markings with lighter tip.
Head: Bodycolor, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: More research is needed before defining a usefull name. Remarkable the Cocks loose their 'grizzle' markings after two years, when they become adult.
- Dilute :
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.
Description
Body: General lighter, nearly yellow or white.
Tail: Lighter, nearly yellow or white.
Head: Body color, brighter around the beak; neck ring darkgrey with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, darkred lower mandible; light grey feet, light grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: Also known as "Yellow black-eye" or "White black-eye" or erroneously as "Diffused".
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Dilute. >>
- Opaline :
Inheritance: Sex-linked recessive.
Description
Body: General lighter appearance; light markings on wing feathers.
Tail: Light with lighter tip.
Head: Darker than body color, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: "Grey-headed" is the name which is erroneously used for the Opaline.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Opaline. >>
- Misty :
Inheritance: Incomplete dominant.
Description
Body: General duller appearance; greyish tinge on breast; very pale wing feathers.
Tail: Very pale with lighter tip.
Head: Much lighter than Bodycolor, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: A remarkable mutation which still is rather unknown.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Misty. >>
Pallid
Inheritance: Sex-linked recessive.
Description
Body: Looks somewhat like cinnamon however without the brownish tinge; visible wing markings.
Tail: As Cinnamon without the brownish tinge.
Head: Yellow or White, brighter around the beak; neck ring grey with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; light feet, light nails.
Eyes: Darkred with yellowish iris.
Note: "Lacewing" is the outdated erroneous name for this mutation. A remarkable essentiality is, that Pallid behaves co-dominant towards Ino. In the past Pallids were mated to Lutinos to breed "Pallids". These "Pallids" are actually Pallid-inos formerly known as "Yellowheaded Cinnamons". These birds are much duller and lighter in appearance than the genuine Pallids and they lack the wing markings.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Pallid. >>
- Pallid-ino (Combination of Pallid and Ino) :
Inheritance: Combination of sex-linked recessive Pallid and sex-linked recessive Ino.
Description
Body: As Lutino, but with green or blue tinge on the whole body except on the head.
Tail: As Lutino with green or blue tinge.
Head: Yellow or White, brighter around the beak; neck ring light grey with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.
Note: The body color will become paler when Pallid-inos are paired to Lutinos again and again, till there is a minimum difference between a Lutino and Pallid-ino. Notice the lack of wing markings.
- Bronze Fallow :
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.
Description
Body: General lighter appearance; lighter wings.
Tail: Light with lighter tip.
Head: Yellowish with green tinge or whitish with blue tinge, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, darkred lower mandible; pink feet, light nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.
Note: Mr. Bastiaan formerly erroneously referred to this mutation as "Recessive Cinnamon". He is one of the few breeders who actually possesses these birds and breeds with them. However, it is very difficult to breed with this mutation.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Bronze Fallow. >>
- Clearhead Fallow :
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.
Description
Body: General lighter appearance; wings darker.
Tail: Light with lighter tip.
Head: Yellow or White, brighter around the beak; neck ring grey with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, darkred lower mandible; pinkish feet, light nails.
Eyes: Red with translucent iris.
Note: "Buttercup" or the "Yellowheaded Red-eye" are the outdated names for this type of Fallow. Like the Bronze Fallow this type is also difficult to breed with.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Clearhead Fallow. >>
- Cleartail :
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.
Description
Body: General darker appearance; darker on wings; lower abdomen very pale.
Tail: Very pale, nearly yellow or white.
Head: Yellow or White, brighter around the beak; neck ring grey with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible and darkred lower mandible; light feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Very darkred with yellowish iris.
Note: Cleartail was formerly known as "Yellowhead-yellowtail" or "Whitehead-whitetail".
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Cleartail. >>
- "Clear Flight" :
Inheritance: (In)Complete dominant.
Description
Body: General lighter than wild-type; clear wings; random pied markings in a range of a few to a lot.
Tail: Clear with little pigmentation.
Head: Normal head colour, brighter around the beak; neck ring blueish grey with rose, yellow or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible and lower mandible can be red or darkred; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Dark with yellowish iris.
Note: It is known that this mutation has a dominant inheritance. More research is needed before defining a usefull name.
- Dom. Pied :
Inheritance: Dominant.
Description
Body: General like wild-type; random pied markings.
Tail: Pied with yellowish tip.
Head: Pied head; brighter around the beak; pied neck ring with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pinkish feet, light nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: Note that not all pied types are hereditary. Many pied birds are modifications and not mutations.
- Rec. Pied :
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.
Description
Body: General like wild-type, but darker; pied markings on head, wings and tail.
Tail: Pied.
Head: Pied head, brighter around the beak; neck ring not shown in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; light feet, light nails.
Eyes: Very darkred with translucent iris.
Note: In the past Mr. Bastiaan erroneously referred to this bird as "Opaline". Rec. Pied cocks don't get a ringneck.
Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Rec.Pied. >>
- Aqua Blue :
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive with respect to the Wildtype and Dominant with respect to Blue and Turquoise
Description
Body: General turquoise blue wash.
Tail: Turquoise blue with whitish tip.
Head: Turquoise blue, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: Very rare.
- Turquoise Blue :
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive with respect to the Wildtype and Dominant with respect to Blue
Description
Body: General turquoise wash; wings show pale green tinge.
Tail: Blue with whitish tip.
Head: Turquoise, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Note: In some countries erroneously known as "Pastel".
- Turquoise Grey (Combination of Turquoise and Grey) :
Inheritance: Combination of Turquoise and dominant Grey; Turquoise is Dominant in Blue-series.
Description
Body: General turquoise with grey; wings with pale greygreen tinge.
Tail: Dark grey with whitish tip.
Head: Grey with turquoise, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white by male.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.
Half Sider:
Half Sider Green-Blue
Photo: Z. Rana
Half Sider Green-Blue
Photo: Z. Rana
Half Sider Green-Blue
Photo: Z. Rana
Note: A Half sider is a bird that is colourwise split in two, part of the bird is blue and part is green, this can also be greygreen and green or grey and blue. It is not possible deliberately breed a half sider, they are a result of genes splitting and developing wrongly. The amount of the colour split can vary greatly from a 50/50 split to a few spots of the alternate colour somewhere on the body.
Mutations or Modifications
Note: It is unknown whether these birds are mutations or modifications. Research should be done to determine the mutations from the modifications and to determine the inheritence.