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Family: Clavulariidae

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1- Carnation Coral

Cauliflower Coral, Strawberry Coral, Carnation Tree Coral
Colored Cauliflower Coral, Tree Coral, Strawberry Soft Coral

 

Dendronephthya Sp.

 

   The Carnation Coral is very beautiful, but with specialized needs and liking a pristine home, it is also very tough to keep!

The Carnation Coral Dendronephthya sp. is one of the most exotic looking soft corals of the tropical reefs. It also occurs in more colors and color combinations than just about all other soft coral found in the aquarium reef industry. The colors are crazy bright reds, purples, pinks, greens, whites oranges and yellows and mixes of these as well. The stalks can also have combinations of colors, and to top it off, this beauty has also been known to change colors. Some common names these corals are collectively known for are Carnation Coral, Carnation Tree Coral, Colored Cauliflower Coral, Tree Coral, Ledge Coral, and the most brilliant red and/or pink specimen will be called Strawberry coral.

 

 The Dendronephthya genus is the easiest to identify in the Nephtheidae family due to their bright colors, but it has some other characteristics as well. It can be arboreal or grow in a fascicular fashion of bundles or clumps. Upright stalks have branches with bushy groupings of polyps at the ends and is an aposynbiotic Neptheid; ie. night feeding, filter feeder, and non-photosynthetic.

 

The Carnation Coral is very difficult to care for and should be left to the experts. Although they are extremely attractive, Carnation Corals have a poor history of survival. They are easy to collect from the wild, but are very delicate and difficult to transport. Healthy specimens that survive shipping are then very demanding to maintain in captivity. Make sure the coral is connected to a rock or substrate, as it is very difficult to secure them otherwise. When they inflate at night they can easily double over, topple, and become damaged.

 

Because Dendronephthya corals do not have any zooxanthellae they depend on copious amounts of zooplankton and phytoplankton to keep alive. The water quality from feeding these corals large amounts of food is easily compromised, and can itself then harm the coral. They also need the "perfect" water movement. In the wild Carnation Corals are not found in water that is less than 2" per second (5 cm per second), but also no faster than 10" per second (25 cm per second). (Dahan and Benayahu, 1997). Advanced/expert aquarists need to educated themselves thoroughly and have the proper set up for the well-being of this coral.

 

Scientific name :

 Family: Nephtheidae
 Species: Dendronephthya sp.

 

Distribution / Background :

 

Soft Coral Information: The Dendronephthya genus was described by Kukenthal in 1905. There are about 250 species with a few beingD. aurea, D. gigantea, D. hemprichii, D. klunzingeri, and D. rubeola. Some common names these corals are know for are Carnation Coral, Strawberry Coral, Carnation Tree Coral, Tree Coral, Colored Cauliflower Coral, Ledge Coral, Cauliflower Coral, and Strawberry Soft Coral. The Dendronephthya genus has not been propagated in captivity.

 

Where Dendronephthya Corals Are Found: The Dendronephthyagenus are found in the Indo-Pacific and the Red Sea.

 

Dendronephthya Coral Habitat: The Dendronephthya genus grow in various parts of the reef. They are found upside down in caves and other sheltered areas of the reef, yet some species are also found in sunny areas. One variable that is constant is a strong surging and turbulent water flow that is supplying the coral with a good supply of plankton. This genus does not have any zooxanthellae, but tends to inflate at night to feed, and deflates a little during the day.

 

Status

 

The Dendronephthya genus does not have any species on the IUCN Red List for Endangered Species.

 

 

Description :

 

What do Dendronephthya Corals look like: The Dendronephthyagenus can be arboreal or grow in a fascicular fashion of bundles or clumps. They have upright stalks with branches that have bushy groupings of polyps at the ends. The polyps are autozooid, and they cannot retract. Autozooid polyps are polyps whose only function is to feed. They have an almost transparent coenenchyme, or tissue surface with visible and numerous sclerites. The sclerites can even extend past this tissue, especially when deflated, which may help with water exchange but is also for protection due to those needle like tips. Sclerites are tiny calcium bodies that help support the polyp or coral. Within their stalks and branches, there are "gastrovascular" canals that let them expel water and collapse. Some species can reach 6 feet (1.8 m) in height and 3.3 feet (1 m) in diameter.

 

The Dendronephthya genus is the easiest to identify genus in the Nephtheidae family, due to their bright colors. The colors are crazy bright reds, purples, pinks, greens, whites oranges and yellows and mixes of these as well. Some combinations are white stalks with red and orange polyps, or white with yellow polyps, clear with white visible sclerites and pink polyps, yellow stalks with red polyps, white stalks with red polyps or all green, all yellow, all purple and more. Typical of the Nephtheidae family, they have also been known to change colors,

 

Difficulty of Care :

 

Soft Coral Care: The Carnation Coral Dendronephthya sp. is very difficult to care for and should be left to the experts. Although they are extremely attractive, Carnation Corals have a poor history of survival. They are easy to collect from the wild, but are very delicate and difficult to transport. Healthy specimens that survive shipping are then very demanding to maintain in captivity. Make sure the coral is connected to a rock or substrate, as it is very difficult to secure them otherwise. When they inflate at night they can easily double over, topple, and become damaged. Do not expose to fresh water when topping of your tank as this adds further stress to the coral.

 

Advanced/expert aquarists need to educated themselves thoroughly and have the proper set up for the well-being of this coral. Because Dendronephthya corals do not have any zooxanthellae they depend on copious amount of zooplankton and phytoplankton to keep alive. The water quality from feeding these corals large amounts of food is easily compromised, and can itself then harm the coral. They also need the "perfect" water movement. In the wild Carnation Corals are not found in water that is less than 2" per second (5 cm per second), but also no faster than 10" per second (25 cm per second). (Dahan and Benayahu, 1997).

 

From the "Book of Coral Propagation, Reef Gardening for Aquarists", here are some suggestions from author Anthony Calfo.. Suspend the coral upside down, since this is a natural position that will benefit them. They need very strong turbid water movement or their polyps will not expand, and they will eventually deflate and die. A continuous slow drip of zooplankton and phytoplankton is needed. Monitor and vary the species of zooplankton and phytoplankton foods to see which kind your coral prefers. Peter Wilkens also mentioned stirring detritus for supplemental feeding.

 

Foods / Feeding :

 

Soft Coral Feeding: In the wild, Dendronephthya corals have developed several feeding strategies. They are aposynbiotic Neptheids; ie. night feeding, filter feeder, and non-photosynthetic. They capture microscopic food particles from the water column and can absorb dissolved organic matter. Because they do not have a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae known as zooxanthellae, they don't receive any of their nutrients from this.

 

Without zooxanthellae, In captivity these corals are very dependent on outside food for survival. They need an almost constant feeding of zooplankton and phytoplankton. Blow food across the polyps twice daily. One food that was suggested was Combo-Vital by Marc Weiss Companies. With fish in the tank as well, the dissolved nutrients they produce will help. Experiment with different "green waters" to see which phytoplankton species they prefer. Remember, your tank's water quality will be compromised with this amount of food, which increases the difficulty of care.

 

Aquarium Care :

 

Stable tank conditions are needed to keep the Dendronephthya genus. Water changes may have to be as much as 10% weekly due to the immense amount of food that has to be made available. Test your water quality often. Soft corals still need to have proper chemical levels for proper growth. This family of corals does well with trace elements, especially Iodine and Strontium.

 

 Suggested levels for Dendronephthya species are:

 

  • Calcium:  400 - 450 ppm

  • Alkalinity:  3.2 - 4.8 MEQ/L (8 to 11 dKh - 10 is recommended)

  • Phosphates:  0, zero.

  • Magnesium:  1200 - 1350 ppm. (Magnesium makes calcium available, so if your calcium is low, check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium.)

  • Strontium:  8 - 10

Aquarium Parameters :

 

A live rock/reef environment is what is needed for your Carnation Coral, along with some fish for organic matter production. Have an extremely efficient filtration system to keep water quality high. A species specific tank is highly recommended.

 

Provide proper lighting and water movement. They also need the "perfect" water movement. In the wild Carnation Corals are not found in water that is less than 2" per second (5 cm per second), but also no faster than 10" per second (25 cm per second). (Dahan and Benayahu, 1997). Lighting can range from none to a low level.

 

  • Minimum Tank Size / Length: 100 gallon (380 L) or larger

  • Marine Lighting: None to low

  • Temperature: 68° - 85° F (20° - 29° C)

  • Salinity / Specific Gravity: 1.023 - 1.025

  • Water Movement: Moderate to high

  • Water Region: Any area of the aquarium, under a ledge

Compatibility and Social Behaviors :

 

The Carnation Coral does give off chemical toxins to ward off encroaching corals, yet can be susceptible to the chemical toxins of other corals as well. The Dendronephthya genus needs such a strong water flow that it is hard to keep other corals in the same tank with them. They really need a species specific tank.

 

Sex - Sexual differences 

 

 No sexual difference in appearance is known, colonies are either male or female.

 

Breeding and Reproduction:

 

The Dendronephthya genus will reproduce by budding, fission, and dropping little branches. They also will send out little colonies via little "roots" that can have 200 young Dendronephthya with 4-12 polyps on each. Some species release sperm and eggs all year.

 

If your Carnation Coral is living and doing well for 6 months, you may try to propagate it, but do so very carefully. They can be propagated similar to Capnella. Constriction is best, slowly tightening a branchlet until it severs itself. 
Those without the luxury of time can cut the coral at the "V" where the secondary branchlets start. The 2 following methods may be applied to help the frag attach to the desired spot:

 

1-The most successful way is to use a plastic toothpick, cocktail pick, or similar item to impale the frag right through the center of the stalk, far enough up from the incision point to make sure it doesn't tear through. Cocktail picks usually have a deco at the end, which can keep the coral from slipping off. Then, after positioning the coral frag 1/2 way through the impaling device, use super glue or rubber bands on each side of the pick to fasten it to rock work. This holds the coral in place, thus giving it an opportunity to adhere naturally. 

 

2-Place each frag in a "tube" that is just a little shorter than their height, on top of rubble will help them naturally attach. Drill holes in the tube (usually a small piece of PVC) to make sure the water flow gets in, yet does not life the frag off of the rubble and float away. This is similar how they "settle" in nature on rubble in certain areas of the reef.

Potential Problems :

 

The Dendronephthya genus is susceptible to stress from shipping. They tend to die of malnutrition or lack of water flow, also leading to hair algae which they cannot tolerate. This coral, in good conscience should not be purchased unless the advanced/expert aquarist is willing to meet it's demanding needs. In a main display, if they start to die, remove before they foul the water and affect other inhabitants.

 

Carnation Corals do have some pests and predators in the wild. A snail called Primovula bellocquae will feed on the Carnation Coral. Hermit crabs can irritate the Carnation Coral when crawling on their tissue.

 

Availability:

 

Soft Corals for Sale: The Carnation Coral Dendronephthya sp. can be found at pet shops and on line. Online they can run about $25.00 to $50.00 USD and up, depending on size and/or color.

 

References :

 

  • Animal-World References: Marine and Reef

  • Eric Borneman, Aquarium Corals : Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History , TFH Publications, 2001

  • Anthony Calfo, Book of Coral Propagation, Volume 1 Edition 2: Reef Gardening for Aquarists, Reading Trees; 2nd edition, 2007

  • Harry Erhardt and Horst Moosleitner, Marine Atlas Volume 2, Invertebrates (Baensch Marine Atlas), Mergus Verlag GmbH, Revised edition, 2005

  • Bob Goemans, Tree and Carnation Corals, Animal Library, Saltwatercorner.com

2-Kenya Tree Coral

Cauliflower Soft Coral, Tree Soft Coral, African Tree Coral
Broccoli Soft Coral, Brown Cauliflower Coral, Tree Coral

Capnella Sp.

 

A great beginner's soft coral, the Kenya Tree Coral has a place in every newbies tank!

The Kenya Tree Coral Capnella sp. is one of the best beginner corals you can buy. Once established, they are almost bullet proof, with exuberant growth and can be successfully propagated. Most people have them growing with ease in their tanks. Out of all of the genera in the Nephtheidae family, the Kenya Tree Coral is by far, the strongest you can buy. If you join a local reef club you may not even have to buy one, as many reef tank keepers are happy to hand them off to a fellow reefer.

 

The Capnella genus has an erect tree-like structure with lateral branches that are heavily forked. On the top of the branches there are clusters of non-retractable polyps. The base or stalk is without polyps and appears smooth. The stalk is shorter on the Capnella coral than on its close relative, the Tree Coral Lemnalia Sp., which looks like a tree with a long trunk when erect. Though its stalk looks smooth, it has sclerites which makes the surface rough. Sclerites are tiny calcium bodies, similar to various sizes of tiny rice, that help support the coral. This gives the surface a rough feel rather than a slimy feel. Quite different from another similar looking coral, the Colt Coral Alcyonium sp., which is slimy to the touch.

 

The colors of the Capnella corals are pretty basic. It has a stalk that is usually cream to brown, with some having a tint of green. The colors of the polyps are brown to greenish brown, and some color variations. Oddly, this coral has been known to mysteriously change colors. Blue lighting may bring out more green and blue colors. Some common names these corals are know for are Kenya Tree Coral, Tree Coral, Cauliflower Soft Coral, Broccoli Soft Coral, Brown Cauliflower Coral, Tree Soft Coral, and African Tree Coral. Some aquacultured names are Neon Pineapple Tree Coral and Taro Tree Coral.

 

The Kenya Tree Coral can be easy to moderate to care for. They come from a more nutrient rich environment. Although they use the symbiotic algae, zooxanthellae, that lives within their tissue, they are more dependent on outside food for survival. They depend on foods in the water column like phytoplankton more so than light. They do like a moderate light, but must be acclimated carefully if you wish to use metal halides, or better yet, positioned under a ledge or another large coral if present. They also need a good turbulent water flow. Do not expose them to fresh water when topping of your tank. This stresses the coral and may lead to an eventual demise.

 

Scientific name:

 

Family: Nephtheidae
   Species: Capnella sp.

 

Distribution / Background : 

 

Soft Coral Information: The Capnella genus was described by Gray in 1869. There are about 21 species with a few being C. arbuscula, C. erecta, C. gaboensis, C. imbricata, C. rubiformis, and C. watsonae. Some common names these corals are know for are Kenya Tree Coral, Tree Coral, Cauliflower Soft Coral, Broccoli Soft Coral, Brown Cauliflower Coral, Tree Soft Coral, and African Tree Coral. The Capnella genus has been propagated in captivity., and some aquacultured names are Neon Pineapple Tree Coral and Taro Tree Coral.

 

 Where Capnella Corals Are Found: The Capnella genus are found in the Indo-Pacific and the Red Sea.

 

Capnella Coral Habitat: The Capnella genus tend to grow on deeper reef slopes where the water is clear with stronger currents. They will cover large expanses at depths of around 19 feet (6 m), colonizing hard substrates of stones and coral.

 

Status  :

The Capnella genus is not on the IUCN Red List for Endangered Species.

 

Description:

 

What do Capnella Corals look like: The Capnella genus have an erect tree-like structure with lateral branches that are heavily forked. On the top of the branches there are clusters of polyps which are non-retractable. The short base or stalk looks smooth, without polyps. Though its stalk appears smooth, it has sclerites which makes the surface rough. Sclerites are tiny calcium bodies, similar to various sizes of tiny rice, that help support the coral. This gives the surface a rough feel rather than a slimy feel. Within their stalks and branches, there are "gastrovascular" canals that let them expel water and collapse.

 

 Some species are short and squatty with the colonies having short thicker branches coming out of a common, even thicker stalk. At the top of these branches there are several groupings of polyps that form in a similar shape to the cotton part of the Q-tip. On species which are branching, the groupings of polyps extend from the start of the branchlet, and extend to the tip. These branchlets grow out of a large main center stalk that usually grows upward.C. imbricata has short compact colonies with branches that grow upward from the main stalk and the polyps are crowded.

 

 The polyps of the Capnella genuscannot retract. The colors of the stalk is usually cream to brown, with some having a tint of green. The colors of the polyps are brown to greenish brown, and some color variations. This coral has also been known to change colors. Different species will grow from 6" to 16" (15 - 41 cm).

Due to the Similarity .... Here is a brief .. For more information click on the primary name ..

Difficulty of Care :

 

Soft Coral Care: The Kenya Tree Coral Capnella sp. can be easy to moderate to care for. They come from a more nutrient rich environment, so they depend on foods like phytoplankton more so than light. This coral does not need to be under Metal Halides, but they still need good turbulent water flow. Do not expose to fresh water when topping of your tank. This stresses the coral and may lead to its eventual demise.

 

Foods / Feeding :

 

Soft Coral Feeding: In the wild, Capnella corals have developed several feeding strategies. They capture microscopic food particles from the water column, can absorb dissolved organic matter, and have a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae known as zooxanthellae, where they also receive some of their nutrients. 

 

 In captivity, although they use the symbiotic algae that lives within their tissue, they are more dependent on outside food for survival. They can be fed microplankton, marine snow, phytoplankton and similar foods. With fish in the tank as well, the dissolved nutrients they produce will help keep it healthy. Experiment with different "green waters" to see which phytoplankton species they prefer.

 

 

Aquarium Care : 

 

Stable tank conditions are needed to keep the Capnella genus. Doing water changes of 20% a month or 10% biweekly is needed, although it is suggested that doing 5% water changes once a week will replenish many of the needed additives. Soft corals still need to have proper chemical levels for proper growth. This family of corals does well with trace elements, especially Iodine and Strontium.

 

   Suggested levels for Capnella species are:

 

  • Calcium:  400 - 450 ppm

  • Alkalinity:  3.2 - 4.8 MEQ/L (8 to 11 dKh - 10 is recommended)

  • Phosphates:  0, zero.

  • Magnesium:  1200 - 1350 ppm. (Magnesium makes calcium available, so if your calcium is low, check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium.)

  • Strontium:  8 - 10

 

 

 

Aquarium Parameters : 

 

A typical live rock/reef environment is what is needed for your Kenya Tree Coral, along with some fish for organic matter production. 

 

Provide proper lighting and water movement. They like a moderate light, and must be acclimated carefully if you wish to use metal halides; or better yet, positioned under a ledge or another large coral if present. They also need a good turbulent water flow. The Capnella genus is semi-aggressive toward other corals if the corals are weaker.

 

  • Minimum Tank Size / Length: 10 gallon (38 L) or larger

  • Marine Lighting: Moderate, shaded from metal halides

  • Temperature: 68° - 83° F (20° - 28° C)

  • Salinity / Specific Gravity: 1.023 - 1.025

  • Water Movement: Moderate and turbid

  • Water Region: Bottom of the aquarium  

  • Sex - Sexual differences  : No sexual difference in appearance is known.

Breeding and Reproduction : 

 

 The Capnella genus will reproduce by budding, fission, and dropping little branches. They are very easy to propagate. Constriction is best, slowly tightening a branchlet until it severs itself. Those without the luxury of time can cut the coral at the "V" where the secondary branchlets start. The two following methods may be applied to help the frag attach to the desired spot:

 

1-The most successful way is to use a plastic toothpick, cocktail pick, or similar item to impale the frag right through the center of the stalk, far enough up from the incision point to make sure it doesn't tear through. Cocktail picks usually have a deco at the end, which can keep the coral from slipping off. Then, after positioning the coral frag 1/2 way through the impaling device, use super glue or rubber bands on each side of the pick to fasten it to rock work. This holds the coral in place, thus giving it an opportunity to adhere naturally. 

 

2-Place each frag in a "tube" that is just a little shorter than their height, on top of rubble will help them naturally attach. Drill holes in the tube (usually a small piece of PVC) to make sure the water flow gets in, yet does not life the frag off of the rubble and float away. This is similar how they "settle" in nature on rubble in certain areas of the reef.

3-Tree Coral

Cauliflower Coral, Branch Coral, Lemnalia Coral
Lemnalia Tree Coral, Broccoli Coral, Kenya Tree Coral

Lemnalia Sp.

 

   The Tree Coral in the Lemnalia genus is a tall, thin and wiry soft coral!

The Lemnalia genus can be hard to differentiate from the others in the Nephtheidae family, but like all families, there is always the thin kid. In general, the Tree Coral Lemnalia sp. has a thinner stalk than others in their family, and that stalk has no polyps. Also on its thin branches and branchlets, the polyps are more or less scattered, as opposed to the dense populations of the other genera.

 

Lemnalia corals are branching and are usually found in areas of moderate to strong water movement. Their colors are usually cream to brown, white, or pinkish brown with the polyps being very close in color, though maybe a little darker than the main body. Some common names they are known for are Tree Coral, Cauliflower Coral, Branch Coral, Lemnalia Coral, Lemnalia Tree Coral, Broccoli Coral, and Kenya Tree Coral.

 

Of the soft coral genera belonging to the Nephtheidae family, the Tree Coral is not as hardy as members of the Capnella genus, like the durableKenya Tree Coral Capnella sp.. Yet they are also not as hard to care for as the needy members of theDendronephthya genus, which contain the colorful Carnation Corals Dendronephthya sp..

 

Both the Lemnalia genus and their close relatives in the Paralemnalia genus are referred to as Tree Coral, Branch Coral, and Cauliflower Coral. The Paralemnalia genus is an encrusting form that forms thick "fingerlike" projections. This is not to be confused with the Lemnalia genus that has slender stalks and branches.

 

 The Tree Coral Lemnalia sp. can be moderate to care for. They have a habit of collapsing and not recovering if the water flow is not moderate to strong. Although they use the symbiotic algae, zooxanthellae, that lives within their tissue for some of their nutrition, they are more dependent on outside foods for survival. Keeping fish in the tank can help. The dissolved nutrients resulting from fish will help to keep it healthy. Don't expose it to fresh water when topping of your tank. This stresses the coral and may lead to its eventual demise.

 

Scientific name :

 Family: Nephtheidae
 Species: Lemnalia sp.

Status  : The Lemnalia genus is not on the IUCN Red List for Endangered Species.

Difficulty of Care :

 

Soft Coral Care: The Tree Coral Lemnalia sp. can be moderate to care for. They have a habit of collapsing and not recovering if the water flow is not moderate to strong. Do not expose to fresh water when topping of your tank. This stresses the coral and may lead to its eventual demise.

 

Foods / Feeding : 

 

Soft Coral Feeding: In the wild, Lemnalia corals have developed several feeding strategies. They capture microscopic food particles from the water column, can absorb dissolved organic matter, and have a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae known as zooxanthellae, where they also receive some of their nutrients.

 

In captivity, although they use the symbiotic algae that lives within their tissue, they are more dependent on outside food for survival. They can be fed microplankton, marine snow, phytoplankton and similar foods. Blow the food across the polyps. With fish in the tank as well, the dissolved nutrients they produce will help keep it healthy. Experiment with different "green waters" to see which phytoplankton species they prefer.

 

Aquarium Care :

 

Stable tank conditions are needed to keep the Lemnalia genus. Doing water changes of 20% a month or 10% biweekly is needed, although it is suggested that doing 5% water changes once a week will replenish many of the needed additives. Soft corals still need to have proper chemical levels for proper growth. This family of corals does well with trace elements, especially Iodine and Strontium.

 

   Suggested levels for Lemnalia species are::

 

  • Calcium:  400 - 450 ppm

  • Alkalinity:  3.2 - 4.8 MEQ/L (8 to 11 dKh - 10 is recommended)

  • Phosphates:  0, zero.

  • Magnesium:  1200 - 1350 ppm. (Magnesium makes calcium available, so if your calcium is low, check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium.)

  • Strontium:  8 - 10

Aquarium Parameters :

 

A typical live rock/reef environment is what is needed for your Tree Coral, along with some fish for organic matter production. It has been noted that they prefer a gravel like substrate.

 

Provide proper lighting and water movement. They like a moderate to high light They also need a moderate to strong water flow. The Lemnalia genus is aggressive toward other corals if the corals are weaker.

 

  • Minimum Tank Size / Length: 10 gallon (38 L) or larger

  • Marine Lighting: Moderate to high

  • Temperature: 72° - 79° F (22° - 26° C)

  • Salinity / Specific Gravity: 1.023 - 1.025

  • Water Movement: Moderate to strong

  • Water Region: Any area of the aquarium

  • Sex - Sexual differences   No sexual difference in appearance is known.

Family: Xeniidae

1-Pulse Coral

Pulsing Xenia, Red Sea Xenia
Pom Pom Coral, Bouquet Encrusting Coral

 

Xenia Sp.

 

The Pulse Coral, with its pumping action and bouquet shape, is one of the most beautiful flower corals!

The Pulse Corals Xenia sp. are some of the most endearing corals, and are highly favored by reef enthusiasts. With their pulsing heads and the gentle waving of their polyps in the water, they produce an almost mesmerizing affect to the viewer. Since they tend to grow in the direction of the water flow that they are near, you can get them to grow where you want in the reef tank. Getting them to grow up the back wall of the aquarium makes for an interesting display.

 

Most species from the Xenia genus have unbranched stalks that are short, thick and smooth, from which the polyps arise. They can be cream, white brown, ivory and light green. The color is uniform with just a little contrast between the stalks and polyps. The polyps can contract considerably but do not retract inside the coral. Not all Xenia pulsate, but the species that do will generally pulse about 8 times per minute, yet there can be quite a variation in the strength and speed of the pulsing action.

 

There is no proven reason why Xenia corals pulse. Many experts and aquarists attribute a variety of reasons for the pulsing phenomena. One thought is that they are pulsating to help with respiration and gas exchange. Water chemistry also plays a role in their pulsing, along with lighting and current, just what combination is hard to tell. They are sensitive to falling or low pH and will stop pulsing when the pH is below 8.3. Adding small amounts of carbon will take some organics out of the water. Some aquarists have found this to induce the polyps to pulse, as if the coral is trying to try pull more nutrients from the water. Supplements of iodine are also suggested by some, but with caution as Lugol's has been found to be detrimental to some Xenia colonies. If your Pulse Coral is pulsing, then keep doing what your doing!

 

The Xenia corals are not the only pulsing corals. The Xeniidae family itself is considered unique in the coral world because of this ability. From this family, at least five other genera will pulse. Some of those common to aquarists include the Pom Pom Zenias of the Heteroxenia genus and the Waving Hand Coral or Glove Coral Anthelia sp..Anthelia corals form an encrusting mat and their cylindrical polyps grow directly from that base. Xenia are different from Anthelia since Xenia polyps rise from a capitulum (top of the stalk) forming small colonies that are only a few inches tall (up to 4").

 

The Pulse Coral Xenia sp. can be easy to care for, depending on proper handling procedures. If you need to handle them, do so very briefly and with gloved fingers. When handled they stress and produce lots of mucous, which in turn attracts bacteria, leading to death. This is also the reason they do not travel well. This production of mucous attracts bacteria, and being trapped in the shipping bag causes the bacteria to consume the Xenia. Though their primary difficulty is in shipping, once established in the aquarium they can be very hardy and are one of the fastest corals to multiply.

 

Scientific name :

 Family: Xeniidae
 Species: Xenia sp.

 

Distribution / Background :

 

Soft Coral Information: The Xenia genus was described by Lamarck in 1816. There are over 60 species, and a few are X. elongata, X. macrospiculata, X. mucosa, X. multipinnata, X. stellifera, and X. umbellata. Some common names these corals are know for are Pulse Coral, Red Sea Xenia, Pulsing Xenia, Encrusting Coral, Pom Pom Coral, and Bouquet Encrusting Coral.

 

The Xenia genus has been propagated in captivity, and acquiring these types of specimens is a good idea, since they are hardier than their wild counterparts. Some aquacultured names are White Pom Pom Xenia, Silver Branch Pumping Xenia, and Blue Xenia.

 

Where Xenia Corals Are Found: The Xenia genus are found in the Indo-Pacific and the Red Sea.

 

Xenia Coral Habitat: The Xenia genus tend to grow on vertical surfaces in the wild. They are found at depths of 0 to 30 feet (0-9 m) in bright light, and are exposed to tidal conditions.

 

Xeniids have been found growing in water polluted by pipes of hotels and resorts. They are almost like an aquatic weed. They are the first to form colonies on a reef area and can "walk" with attachment and detachment of their stalks and branches. In the wake of their "walk" they will encrust over other living corals and plants.

 

Status :

 

 The Xenia genus is not on the IUCN Red List for Endangered Species.

 

Description:

 

What do Xenia Corals look like: Most species from the Xenia genus have unbranched stalks that are short, thick and smooth, from which the polyps arise. These stalks can have small oval sclerites, depending on the species. Sclerites are small calcareous bodies that can help support soft corals. The polyps do not retract inside the coral, but can contract considerably. They can be cream, white brown, ivory and light green and the color is uniform with just a little contrast between the stalks and polyps.

 

 The stalk has a grouping of feathery polyps at the end, with each polyp having a 1" to 2" long stem.Their tentacles are pinnate, or feathering to different degrees, depending on the species. Deep water species have thinner tentacles and pinnules, and shallower species are thicker with more robust attributes. For example, X. elongata have sturdy stalks that are tall and grow up to 3" long. Xenia are different from Anthelia since Xenia polyps rise from a capitulum (top of the stalk) and form small colonies that are only a few inches tall (up to 4").

 

Not all Xenia pulsate, but the species that do will generally pulse about 8 times per minute, yet there can be quite a variation in the strength and speed of the pulsing action. Xenia can live from 1 to 7 years, with 3-7 being most common in captivity.

 

Difficulty of Care :

 

Soft Coral Care:The Pulse Coral Xenia sp. can be easy to care for, depending on proper handling procedures. If you need to handle them, do so very briefly and with gloved fingers. When handled they stress and produce lots of mucous, which in turn attracts bacteria, leading to death. Though their primary care difficulty is in shipping, once established in the aquarium they are can be very hardy and are one of the fastest corals to multiply.

 

Foods / Feeding :

 

Soft Coral Feeding: In the wild, Xenia corals have developed several feeding strategies. They can absorb dissolved organic matter, some species capture microscopic food particles from the water column, and they have a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae known as zooxanthellae, where they also receive some of their nutrients.

 

 In captivity target feeding is pretty much pointless, and stocking enough fish as a source of dissolved organics is all you need. Tanks without fish need a mature sand that can be stirred to get the organics in the the water column. Some have stated micro zooplankton may be added if desired.

 

Aquarium Care:

 

Stable tank conditions are needed to keep the Xenia genus. Doing water changes of 20% a month or 10% biweekly is needed, although it is suggested that doing 5% water changes once a week will replenish many of the needed additives. Soft corals still need to have proper chemical levels for proper growth. Adding trace elements helps to keep those nutrients in the water which benefit them. Maintain pH at least at 8.3.

 

Some have indicated the use of iodine, yet use sparingly and do not exceed manufacturers suggested doses. It is suggested to only use 1/2 the dosage amount as you start off with your new colony, and then increase it slowly over time as the colony becomes established. One way you can gauge the amount is by watching the development of brown algae, diatoms. Established, well maintained aquariums only need the glass scraped free of brown algae about once a week or even longer. Too much iodine is indicated by excessive algae growth. 

 

Suggested levels for Xenia species are:

  • Calcium:  400 - 450 ppm

  • Alkalinity:  3.2 - 4.8 MEQ/L (8 to 11 dKh - 10 is recommended)

  • Phosphates:  0, zero.

  • Magnesium:  1200 - 1350 ppm. (Magnesium makes calcium available, so if your calcium is low, check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium.)

  • Strontium:  8 - 10

Aquarium Parameters :

 

A typical live rock/reef environment is what is needed for your Pulse Coral, along with some fish for organic matter production. Attach the Pulse Coral to a hard substrate once introduced to the tank.

 

Provide proper lighting and water movement. The Xenia corals like a moderate to high, and turbid water flow. They grow fast under Metal Halides and high intensity T5 bulbs and similar bulbs. If the tank is shallower than 18", even standard output fluorescent lighting can be used. If the levels are not high enough in the lighting scheme you have, or you need new bulbs, some Xeniids will change color or increase in size. This deepening color change is from the coral actually cultivating more zooxanthellae to catch the lowered light levels. The Xenia genus is non- aggressive toward other nearby corals.

 

  • Minimum Tank Size / Length: 10 gallon (38 L) or larger

  • Marine Lighting: Moderate to high   If your Xeniid is starved for light, it will expand and extend its stalks to try and get more light. This can give the aquarist the illusion of health, when in fact this is a good indication that your lighting is deficient.

  • Temperature: 68° - 83° F (20° - 28° C)

  • Salinity / Specific Gravity: 1.023 - 1.025

  • Water Movement: Moderate to strong, turbid

  • Water Region: Middle to top of the aquarium

Compatibility and Social Behaviors :

 

The Xenia genus is non-aggressive as far as stinging or affecting nearby corals. They do not do as well in tanks with low nutrient levels, such as for Small Polyp Stony Corals SPS and other corals that need a more pristine environment, yet they will not harm these corals chemically. The Sarcophyton Leather Corals seem to help Xeniids flourish, though this is not entirely understood.

 

Xenia corals can move, and will actually "climb" up to areas where there is more light if they need to. Make sure no corals are around that can be "grown" over.

 

Sex - Sexual differences   :

No sexual difference in appearance is known.

 

Breeding and Reproduction:

 

The Xenia genus reach sexual maturity within one year, and have several methods of reproduction. They will reproduce naturally in captivity by longitudinal fission, notably several times a month once the colony is mature. They will also use budding as another way of reproducing, or pinnitomy (pinnules falling from the polyps and attaching to the substrate to start new colonies). Some aquarists have actually snipped off individual polyps from the cap of dying colonies, and found that they will settle elsewhere in the aquarium and start new colonies. Some species will expel brooded planulae (free-swimming larvae) in some captive environments. Xenia can also 'walk' to split a colony, leaving a trail of tissue that will start into a new colony.

 

To propagate Xenia in captivity, be sure to use gloves and be aware that your Pulse Coral will stink once you pull it from the water. Stalked Xenia should be cut longitudinally between the branches and affixed to a solid surface with a rubber band or reef glue. Because they are so fast growing, some reef farmers allow the Xenia to grow over netting. They then cut those into small frags and use reef glue to affix them to plugs or rock. The product, SeaChem's Reef Plus, has been suggested to add to the tank at 3 to 6 times the recommended dosage to help with healing frags.

 

Potential Problems :

 

The Xenia genus is susceptible to a periodic die off that seems to coincide with lunar events. Clipping the tips of a dying colony and letting them settle on their own may help preserve some colonies. Also watch out for a little nasty crab that assumes the color of the Xenia. The tiny Xenia Crab is usually found in pairs at night, on top of the closed heads, and it slowly eats the Pulse Coral away. Polychaete worms can also chew at your Xenia.

 

The Xenia genus is susceptible to stress from shipping and they do not travel well. When stressed they produce lots of mucous. This production of mucous attracts bacteria, and being trapped in the shipping bag causes the bacteria to consume the Xenia. It has been stated that Xenia can be shipped dry for short distances (less than 12 hours on average and not in extreme weather) since this will help with keeping the bacteria level down from the mucous they produce. They will produce a mucous layer to protect themselves from the air (just like in the wild during low tide), but the benefit is that they do not suffer from fouled shipping water.

 

 Some hints for dry shipping, and acclimating a dry shipped Xeniid:

 

  • Moisten the inside of the container and put a little bit of water at the bottom, yet away from the Xenia. (In extreme temperatures, very hot or very cold, submerging them in water would be better, rather than dry shipping.)

  • Suspend the coral in the shipping container to prevent it from hitting the sides of the package, and prevent it from coming in contact with the small amount of water at the bottom. Suspend the Xenia upside down by fastening it to styrofoam or other buoyant material.

  • Maintain the proper and constant temperature of the coral's packaging.

  • When acclimating them, match the water parameters of your tank to those from where they were shipped.

  • They will shed the mucous they accumulated when placed in the new tank (just as if the tide had come back), so must be exposed to strong water movement to help them recover.

 

 

Availability : 

 

Soft Corals for Sale: The Pulse Coral Xenia sp. is very easy to find pet shops and on line. Online they can run about $20.00 to $50.00 USD and up, depending on size and/or color.

 

References:

 

  • Animal-World References: Marine and Reef

  • Eric Borneman, Aquarium Corals : Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History , TFH Publications, 2001

  • Anthony Calfo, Book of Coral Propagation, Volume 1 Edition 2: Reef Gardening for Aquarists, Reading Trees; 2nd edition, 2007

  • Ronald L. Shimek, Guide to Marine Invertebrates: 500+ Essential-to-Know Aquarium Species, Microcosm, 2005

  • Harry Erhardt and Horst Moosleitner, Marine Atlas Volume 2, Invertebrates (Baensch Marine Atlas), Mergus Verlag GmbH, Revised edition, 2005

  • Bob Goemans, Pulse Corals, Animal Library, Saltwatercorner.com

  • The Frugal Reefer, You can mass produce Xenia for trade or sale, Garf. org, referenced 2010

  • Pulsating Xenia, Reef Corner, referenced 2010

2-Waving Hand Coral

Glove Coral, Pulse Coral, Feather Coral

Anthelia Sp.

 

The Waving Hand Coral is so named due to its very long tentacles, or fingers, rising from the tops of its elongated polyps!

At first glance the Waving Hand Coral Anthelia sp. are very similar in appearance to other Xeniids, but this genus is encrusting, which sets it apart. They actually form an encrusting mat and the long cylindrical polyps grow directly from that base. They have a delicate appearance with polyps that are topped with eight long pinnate (feathering) tentacles, or fingers, thus the common names of Waving Hand Coral, Glove Coral, Feather Coral, and Pulse Coral.

 

The Anthelia genus are found in deeper and more protected waters than other Xeniids, sometimes at depths beyond 60 feet (18 m). They most often are chocolate brown, but also come in some interesting colors like gray, light tan, cream, and ivory. There is even a bright blue colored species, A. flava, that is found in a bit shallower water than the otherAnthelia sp..

 

Though the Waving Hand Coral is also referred to as a Pulse Coral, their polyps do not pulse nearly as much as most of the Xeniids, and often not at all in captivity. They also do not retract their polyps into the coral. Interestingly Anthelia species do not react much, if at all, to outward stimuli, like a touch from your hand.

 

Although the Anthelia genus does not usually pulse in captivity, the Xeniidae family itself is considered unique in the coral world because of this ability. From this family, at least five other genera will pulse. Some of those common to aquarists include the Pulse Coral Xenia sp. and the Pom Pom Zenias of the Heteroxenia genus, Anthelia corals are different from Xenia corals because the Xenia polyps rise from the top of a stalk, forming small colonies, rather than having their polyps grow directly from an encrusting mat.

 

The Clavularia corals, like the Palm Tree Polyps C. viridis, can sometimes be confused with the Waving Hand Corals with very similar polyps. You can tell the difference between the two by looking at them when the polyps are retracted. Clavularia can completely retract its polyps until only the closed heads of each calyx can be seen. Anthelliacan deflate its polyps too, but one can still see the tentacles as they cannot be withdrawn completely into the calyx.

 

 The Waving Hand Coral Anthelia sp. is easier to care for than the other genera in the Xeniid family. They are less likely to crash, which is quite typical of the Xenia genus. Due to the fact that they are deeper water species, the lighting for most can be more of a low to moderate level. Attach to a plug or rock once introduced to the tank. Exercise proper handling procedures Like Xenia, If you need to handle them, do so very briefly and with gloved fingers. When handled they stress and produce lots of mucous, which in turn attracts bacteria, leading to death. This is also the reason they do not travel well. This production of mucous attracts bacteria, and being trapped in the shipping bag causes the bacteria to consume the Anthelia.

 

Scientific name   Family: Xeniidae
   Species: Anthelia sp.

 

Status  :  The Anthelia genus is not on the IUCN Red List for Endangered Species.

Difficulty of Care  : 

 

Soft Coral Care:   The Waving Hand Coral Anthelia sp. is easier to care for than the other genera in the Xeniid family. They are less likely to crash, which is quite typical of the Xenia genus. Due to the fact that they are deeper water species, the lighting for most can be more of a low to moderate level. Some species, though, may need a little more light so watch your Anthelia and take cues. Adjust the light accordingly and be aware of their nutritional needs.

 

Foods / Feeding  :

 

Soft Coral Feeding: In the wild, Anthelia corals have developed several feeding strategies. They can absorb dissolved organic matter, some species capture microscopic food particles from the water column, and they have a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae known as zooxanthellae, where they also receive some of their nutrients.

 

In captivity target feeding is pretty much pointless, and stocking enough fish as a source of dissolved organics is all you need. Tanks without fish need a mature sand that can be stirred to get the organics in the the water column. Some have stated micro zooplankton may be added if desired.

 

Aquarium Care : 

 

Stable tank conditions are needed to keep the Anthelia genus. Doing water changes of 20% a month or 10% biweekly is needed, although it is suggested that doing 5% water changes once a week will replenish many of the needed additives. Soft corals still need to have proper chemical levels for proper growth. Adding trace elements helps to keep those nutrients in the water which benefit them. Maintain pH at least at 8.3.

 

Some have indicated the use of iodine with Xeniids, yet use sparingly and do not exceed manufacturers suggested doses. It is suggested to only use 1/2 the dosage amount as you start off with your new colony, and then increase it slowly over time as the colony becomes established. One way you can gauge the amount is by watching the development of brown algae, diatoms. Established, well maintained aquariums only need the glass scraped free of brown algae about once a week or even longer. Too much iodine is indicated by excessive algae growth.

 

   Suggested levels for Anthelia species are:

 

  • Calcium:  400 - 450 ppm

  • Alkalinity:  3.2 - 4.8 MEQ/L (8 to 11 dKh - 10 is recommended)

  • Phosphates:  0, zero.

  • Magnesium:  1200 - 1350 ppm. (Magnesium makes calcium available, so if your calcium is low, check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium.)

  • Strontium:  8 - 10

 If your Waving Hand Coral is pulsing, then keep doing what your doing! There is no proven reason why Xeniid corals pulse. Many experts and aquarists attribute a variety of reasons for the pulsing phenomena. One thought is that they are pulsating to help with respiration and gas exchange. Water chemistry also plays a role in their pulsing, along with lighting and current, just what combination is hard to tell. They are sensitive to falling or low pH and will stop pulsing when the pH is below 8.3. Adding small amounts of carbon will take some organics out of the water. Some aquarists have found this to induce the polyps to pulse, as if the coral is trying to try pull more nutrients from the water. Supplements of iodine are also suggested by some, but with caution as Lugol's has been found to be detrimental to some Xeniid colonies.

Aquarium Parameters :

 

A typical live rock/reef environment is what is needed for your Waving Hand Coral, along with some fish for organic matter production. Attach the Anthelia coral to a hard substrate once introduced to the tank.

 

Provide proper lighting and water movement. The Anthelia corals like a moderate to high, and turbid water flow. The brighter species of corals can be slowly adapted to stronger Halide lighting, yet the darker ones need lower light. If the levels are not high enough in the lighting scheme you have, or you need new bulbs, some Xeniids will change color or increase in size. This deepening color change is from the coral actually cultivating more zooxanthellae to catch the lowered light levels. The Anthelia genus is non- aggressive toward other nearby corals

 

  • Minimum Tank Size / Length: 10 gallon Nano (38 L) if kept trimmed, or larger

  • Marine Lighting: Low to high (adapt brighter species to metal halides slowly)

  • Temperature: 74° - 83° F (23° - 28° C)

  • Salinity / Specific Gravity: 1.023 - 1.025

  • Water Movement: Moderate to strong, and turbid

  • Water Region: All areas of the aquarium

  • Sex - Sexual differences  : No sexual difference in appearance is known.

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